Light ROM 1/LIGHT-ROM 1 (Amiga Library Services)(1994).iso/ffdisks/d974.lha/DDLI/ddli.doc

Text File | 1994-01-05 | 31KB | 601 lines

                             Brief Description

        The Duniho and Duniho Life Pattern Indicator (DDLI) is a program
that asks you questions in order to determine your Life Pattern. The Life
Patterns correspond to the sixteen psychological types measured by the
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and they are represented by the same
abbreviations. By using knowledge that Terence Duniho has added to the
study of Type, this program also checks itself by asking supplementary
questions about other preferences that correlate with a person's type.

                                 Copyright

        The DDLI and this documentation are Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994
by Fergus Duniho. Most of its questions are drawn from and based on those
in two questionaires by Terence Duniho. These are his "Preference Patterns
Questionaire" and "What is Your Personality Pattern?" from his book
_Wholeness Lies Within: Sixteen Natural Paths Toward Sprituality_. "What is
Your Personality Preference" is Copyright (C) 1985, 1991 by Terence L.
Duniho. Fergus Duniho uses questions from these questionaires with the
permission of Terence Duniho.

                                 Contents

        The following should be included:

        ddli - The program (compiled for the Amiga with DICE)

        Readme.1st - A file you should read before using the DDLI.

        ddli.c - The main source code.

        fpdio.c - A file containing the source code for some input/output
                  functions I wrote.

        qst.c - A file containing the qst type and the functions that use
                it.

        strdup.c - A file containing the "strdup" command in case you don't
                   have it.

        ddli.doc - This file, the documentation.

        DDLI.QST - The file of questions used by the DDLI.

        pts      - "The Personality Type Summary" by Jon Noring

        Descriptions of each of the 16 types:

        esfj, esfp, estj, estp, enfj, enfp, entj, entp, isfj, isfp, istj,
        istp, infj, infp, intj, intp

                               Distribution

        The latest version of the DDLI may be freely distributed as long as
it is left unchanged, and it always distributed with its source code
(DDLI.C, QST.C, FPDIO.C, STRDUP.C), this documentation file, DDLI.QST,
which contains the questions, and the supplentary text files. It may be,
but does not have to be, distributed with any executables. If you want to
distribute it with commercial products, such as books on Type, you need the
written permission of the author.

        Whenever I release a new version, please stop distributing older
versions. Please remove older versions from software libraries, disk
collections, and electronic bulletin boards. This is especially important
when older versions had bugs.

                                 Compiling

        You may have to compile ddli.c to run the DDLI on your computer.
The DDLI is a completely portable Standard ANSI/ISO C program. You should
be able to compile it and run it on any computer that has a Standard C
compiler.

        First, look at ddli.c in a text editor and make sure that the
preprocessor definition for OPSYS is set to the operating system that you
want to compile ddli.c for.  It should be set to AMIGA, MSDOS, or OTHER.
If OPSYS isn't set for your operating system, set it to your operating
system and resave ddli.c.

        Next, make sure that the source files are all in the same
directory. If your operating system is case-sensitive, make sure the C
source code file names are lowercase. Then type "cc ddli.c -o ddli". You
may have to change "cc" to the name of the frontend for your compiler, such
as "dcc", "bcc", or "gcc".

        If you use an IBM or compatible, you may have to add carriage
returns (ASCII 13) to the end of each line (unless somebody has already
done it for you). The Amiga, which I use, uses only the newline character
to end each line, but the IBM uses both a newline and a carriage return.

        If it doesn't compile, it may be because your C compiler doesn't
have the "strdup" function.  In that case, uncomment the line which
includes "strdup.c" and try to compile it again.

                                DISCLAIMER

        I offer no guarantee that this program will accurately measure your
type. I am not a trained psychologist, and I have tested these questions on
only a few people. I have mainly used my knowledge of type to put them
together. Although most were written by Terence Duniho, whose life work is
psychological type, I wrote some of them, particularly the supplementary
questions. This program is experimental, and I hope to use the
computer-user community as my testing ground. If you already know your
type, I would greatly appreciate it if you would report on the accuracy of
this program.

        Also, if this program somehow messes up your computer or your data,
I, Fergus Duniho, am not to blame. You use this program at your own risk.

        Furthermore, I am not responsible for any use that anyone makes of
this program or its results. If, for example, someone chooses to
discriminate against you because of the type you scored as on the DDLI, you
should sue the person who discriminated against you, not me.

        Finally, I do not guarantee the accuracy of any of the documents in
this archive.  In particular, the authors of the type descriptions have
their own ideas about who belong to particular types, and these do not
always agree with my opinions or with those expressed to me by my father.
Nevertheless, I'm not going to bother correcting them.  In writing these
descriptions, they did an important job that I didn't want to do, and I am
not going to start doing their job for them.  I'm going to stick to working
on the program itself and leave supplementary text files to others.

                          The Life Pattern Model

        The Life Pattern model is based on Carl Gustav Jung's four
psychological functions. These are thinking, feeling, sensing, and
intuition. The former two are judging functions, and the latter two are
perceiving functions. The judging functions are those we use for making
decisions. The perceiving functions are those we use for gathering
information. According to Jung, the personality of each person is
characterized by the dominance of one of these functions over the others.
He also added that each person used his dominant function is either an
extraverted way or an introverted way. Someone who used his dominant
function in an extraverted way would rely on it when dealing with the
external environment, such as in public settings, with people who aren't
intimates, etc. Someone who used his dominant function in an introverted
way would rely on it when alone or with intimates. Thus, Jung's personality
theory had eight psychological types. These were Introverted Sensors,
Introverted Intuitors, Introverted Thinkers, Introverted Feelers,
Extraverted Sensors, Extraverted Intuitors, Extraverted Thinkers, and
Extraverted Feelers.

        Jung also held that each type had an auxiliary function, as well as
the dominant function. For the sake of balance, the auxiliary for a
psychologically healthy individual was a perceiving function if the
dominant was a judging function and a judging function if the dominant was
a perceiving function. Furthermore, a person would use the auxiliary in the
opposite way as the dominant function. Extraverts would rely on the
auxiliary for introverting, and introverts would rely on it for
extraverting.

        The introduction of the auxiliary split each of Jung's types into
two, effectively giving us Myers-Briggs' sixteen psychological types. For
example, Introverted Thinkers would be divided into Introverted Thinkers
with Intuition as an auxiliary and Introverted Thinkers with Sensing as an
auxiliary. The Myers-Briggs types are based on four sets of opposing
preferences. These are extraversion vs. introversion (E vs. I), intuition
vs. sensing (N vs. S), thinking vs. feeling (T vs. F), and perceiving vs.
judging (P vs. J). The preference for extraversion or introversion
indicates the way in which a person uses his dominant function. The
preference for perceiving or judging indicates which function (the dominant
or the auxiliary) the person relies on for extraverting. As I already
indicated, the dominant and the auxiliary together include both a
perceiving function and a judging function. P's rely on the perceiving
function for extraverting, and J's rely on the judging function for
extraverting. The preference for thinking or feeling indicates the
preferred judging function, and the preference for sensing or intuition
indicates the preferred perceiving function.

        Using this information, we can determine the Jungian type that
corresponds to each Myers-Briggs type. Take, for instance, my type: INTP.
The "I" indicates that I use my dominant function for introverting. The "P"
indicates that I rely on my preferred perceiving function for extraverting.
Since I am an introvert, this means that I rely on my preferred judging
function for introverting. In other words, my dominant function is my
preferred judging function. Since this is thinking, that means I am an
Introverted Thinker. My auxiliary is my preferred perceiving function, and
that is intuition. Therefore, an INTP is an Introverted Thinker with
Intuition as an auxiliary. Each Myers-Briggs type can be translated into
its corresponding Jungian type in like manner. Here is a table of what each
type corresponds to:

        INTP:   Introverted Thinker with auxiliary Intuition
        ISTP:   Introverted Thinker with auxiliary Sensing
        INFP:   Introverted Feeler with auxiliary Intuition
        ISFP:   Introverted Feeler with auxiliary Sensing
        INTJ:   Introverted Intuitor with auxiliary Thinking
        INFJ:   Introverted Intuitor with auxiliary Feeling
        ISTJ:   Introverted Sensor with auxiliary Thinking
        ISFJ:   Introverted Sensor with auxiliary Feeling
        ENTJ:   Extraverted Thinker with auxiliary Intuition
        ESTJ:   Extraverted Thinker with auxiliary Sensing
        ENFJ:   Extraverted Feeler with auxiliary Intuition
        ESFJ:   Extraverted Feeler with auxiliary Sensing
        ENTP:   Extraverted Intuitor with auxiliary Thinking
        ENFP:   Extraverted Intuitor with auxiliary Feeling
        ESTP:   Extraverted Sensor with auxiliary Thinking
        ESFP:   Extraverted Sensor with auxiliary Feeling

        The Myers-Briggs model was extended into the Life Patterns model by
Terence Duniho. According to Terence Duniho, each type also has a tertiary
function and an inferior function. These balance the dominant and auxiliary
functions. The tertiary function is used in the same way as the dominant
function (extraverted or introverted), but it is not relied on to the same
extent. Also, the tertiary function is always the opposite of the auxiliary
function. If the auxiliary is a judging function, the tertiary is the other
judging function; if the auxiliary is a perceiving function, the tertiary
is the other perceiving function. The inferior function is always the
opposite of the dominant function, and it is used in the same way as the
auxiliary. Therefore, the introduction of the tertiary and inferior
functions do not extend the number of psychological types. There are still
sixteen.

        The advantage of the Life Pattern model is that it gives us more
tools for understanding each type. Instead of telling us how each type uses
two of Jung's functions, it tells us how each type uses all four of Jung's
functions. In effect, it gives us a blueprint for understanding the core
personality of each type. This blueprint describes the preferential
hierarchy among Jung's four functions for each type, and it describes the
way in which each type uses each of the four functions.

        First, there are eight different hierarchies among the sixteen
types. Using a form of abbreviation in which the leftmost letter represents
the dominant function, these are TNSF for INTPs and ENTJs, TSNF for ISTPs
and ESTJs, FNST for INFPs and ENFJs, FSNT for ISFPs and ESFJs, NTFS for
INTJs and ENTPs, NFTS for INFJs and ENFPs, STFN for ISTJs and ESTPs, and
SFTN for ISFJs and ESFPs.

        Second, the Life Pattern model characterizes each type by how it
uses the four functions. Extraverts use the dominant and tertiary functions
for extraverting, and the other two functions for introverting. Introverts
use the dominant and tertiary functions for introverting, and the other two
for extraverting. Given the eight possible hierarchies of preference, this
gives us four different ways in which the 16 types use the four functions.
I call these four different ways directional patterns, for they indicate
the direction (outward or inward) in which each function is used. Using a
form of abbreviation in which "I" and "E" indicate the direction in which a
function is used, these are IT-EF-IN-ES for ISTPs, ENFJs, INFJs, and ESTPs,
ET-IF-IN-ES for INTJs, ESFPs, ISFPs, and ENTJs, IT-EF-EN-IS for INTPs,
ESFJs, ISFJs, and ENTPs, and ET-IF-EN-IS for INFPs, ESTJs, ISTJs, and
ENFPs.

        One interesting consequence of this model is that it gives us three
different ways of understanding how someone's type can be the opposite of
someone else's. I call these hierarchical, directional, and diametrical
opposites. Hierarchical opposites have opposite hierarchies but the same
diretional patterns. Hierarchical opposites never have any letters in
common in their abbreviations. Directional opposites have the same
directional patterns but opposite hierarchies. These always have the inner
two letters the same and the outer two different. And diametrical opposites
have both opposite hierarchies and opposite directional patterns. These
have the outer two letters the same and the inner two different.

        Here is a chart that describes the directional hierarchy of each
type. The functions appear left to right from dominant to inferior. "I"
indicates that the function is used for introverting, and "E" indicates
that the function is used for extraverting.

        INTP:   IT-EN-IS-EF
        ISTP:   IT-ES-IN-EF
        INFP:   IF-EN-IS-ET
        ISFP:   IF-ES-IN-ET
        INTJ:   IN-ET-IF-ES
        INFJ:   IN-EF-IT-ES
        ISTJ:   IS-ET-IF-EN
        ISFJ:   IS-EF-IT-EN
        ENTJ:   ET-IN-ES-IF
        ESTJ:   ET-IS-EN-IF
        ENFJ:   EF-IN-ES-IT
        ESFJ:   EF-IS-EN-IT
        ENTP:   EN-IT-EF-IS
        ENFP:   EN-IF-ET-IS
        ESTP:   ES-IT-EF-IN
        ESFP:   ES-IF-ET-IN

        For further information about Type, the Life Pattern model, and the
sixteen different Life Patterns, consult Terence Duniho's book _Wholeness
Lies Within_, or some other book about Type. _Wholeness Lies Within_ can be
ordered from Type & Temperment, Inc., PO Box 200, Gladwyne, PA 19032 for
$14.95 + $2.09 p/h. Terence Duniho also recommends _LifeTypes_ by Sandra
Hirsh & Jean Kummerow (Warner Books) and _Gifts Differing_ by Isabel Briggs
Myers (Consulting Psychologists Press).

                            How to Use the DDLI

        Unless it has been compiled for msdos, the DDLI will first ask you
how many columns you have on your screen. This is so it can wordwrap the
text to fit on any screen size. It will then ask for your name. It expects
that your name will be less than 80 characters long.

        The DDLI will then ask you a series of questions. You can answer a
question by typing the letter that precedes the answer you choose: an A or
a B. You should follow your answer with a carriage return. After you have
chosen your preference, it will ask you to rank that preference on a
scale of 1 to 7. This will allow you to weight how important a preference
is to you. If you want to go back to a question you previously answered and
change your answer, you can go back to the previous question by typing
"Prev" or just "P" followed by a carriage return. Keep doing this until you
get back to the question you want to answer differently. After you have
changed your answer, the DDLI will resume with the next question that you
haven't answered. If you want to postpone answering a question until later,
type "Skip" or just "S" followed by a carriage return. You will see this
question again after you have gone through the remaining questions. If you
want to quit the DDLI, type "Quit" or just "Q" followed by a carriage
return. Whatever you type in while answering the questions, the DDLI will
read only the first character. If it isn't an "A," "B," "P," "Q," or "S,"
the DDLI will tell you what sort of input it expects from you.

        When you answer each question, there are some things you should
bear in mind.

       1.   Do not base your answer simply on the most recent event in
            your life that fits the question. Rather, base your answer on
            your general pattern of behavior, not your behavior on one
            occasion.

       2.   Do not answer the questions according to how you want to be
            when that differs from how you actually are. Base your answers
            on how you actually are.

       3.   Do not stretch your imagination by trying to imagine situations
            that are favorable for each answer. Rather, base your answers
            on how you are in the situations you normally find yourself in.

        Here are some other tips on answering the questions. If one answer
immediately seems more you than the other, go with that answer. For
questions where this doesn't work, ask yourself which answer would take
less energy or be more natural.

        Finally, remember that this is not a test. Nobody has an answer key
with the right answers in it. The right answers depend upon who you are.
This program does not measure degrees of normality and abnormality. It
merely measures differences that may exist between normal, psychologically
healthy individuals.

                   Understanding the Results of the DDLI

        After you have answered all the questions, the DDLI will display
the results to two different sets of questions. The first set of questions
measures for extraversion vs. introversion, sensing vs. intuition, thinking
vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving. These are the same four sets of
preferences that the MBTI measures for. It first presents your scores on
these questions and tells you what type they indicate. If you unambigously
score as a definite type, the DDLI then presents the directional hierarchy
of functions for that type. If you score as an X-type, it doesn't. X-types
are not real types. An "X" in a type means it is uncertain which way the
preference goes, not that there is no preference.

        The second set of questions measures for preferences that the MBTI
does not measure for. These are extraverted thinking and introverted
feeling vs. extraverted feeling and introverted thinking, extraverted
intuition and introverted sensing vs. extraverted sensing and introverted
intuition, and rationality vs. a-rationality. The pairs of opposites are

        Extraverted Thinking vs. Introverted Thinking
        Extraverted Feeling vs. Introverted Feeling
        Extraverted Sensing vs. Introverted Sensing
        Extraverted Intuition vs. Introverted Intuition
        Rationality vs. A-Rationality.

        The DDLI measures for the first two together because the types who
extravert feeling and introvert thinking are the same, and the types who
introvert feeling and extravert thinking are the same. And it measures for
the second pair together because the types who extravert sensing and
introvert intuition are the same, and the types who extravert intuition and
introvert sensing are the same.

        The DDLI presents the scores on these questions and then indicates
which types these scores suggest. These two types are always 4-letter
opposites, which I referred to previously as hierarchical opposites. This
is because these questions measure for directional preferences and for only
one hierarchical preference. Hierarchical opposites, as you may recall,
have the same directional patterns but opposite hierarchies. And any two
types with opposite hierarchies have the same the same kind of dominant
function: a judging function (thinking or feeling) or a perceiving function
(sensing or intuition).

        Finally, the DDLI compares the type suggested by your answers to
the first set of questions with the types suggested by your answers to the
second set of questions. If it finds a match, it tells you that your
results on the supplementary questions corroborate your results on the main
set of questions. It otherwise tells you that your results on these two
sets of questions conflict.

        If there is a conflict between your scores, there is no rule for
determining which one is right. You should get ahold of a description of
the types and read the descriptions for each of the types that the program
suggests you are. And even if your scores don't conflict, you should read
the descriptions of the type you scored as to really make sure you are that
type. There is no guarantee that this program will accurately measure your
type. I think that in most cases it will, but in your case it might not. If
it doesn't, I hope you will offer your suggestions for making this program
more accurate in the future.

                                  History

        V 1.00 (12/31/1992) - The first version

                              Bug: It displays the functional hierarchy of
                              an ENTP no matter what type you scored as.

        V 1.01 (01/03/1993) - Bug fix.
                              A few changes and additions to QST.

                              Bug: When it displays the functional
                              hierarchy of the type you scored as, it
                              assumes that you scored as an extravert, even
                              in you scored as an introvert.

        V 1.10 (01/07/1993) - Bug Fix plus Feature Update.
                              Can now send output to printer or file.
                              Displays scores to supplementary questions.
                              One grammatical correction in QST.
                              One question in QST replaced with another.

        V 2.00 (01/31/1993) - Because I switched from the crippled freeware
                              version of DICE to GNU C, I added some
                              features that I couldn't previously put into
                              the DDLI. Here are the new features:

                            * Randomizes question order and answer order.
                            * Allows you to skip questions until later.
                            * Allows you to go back to questions and change
                              your answers.
                            * Displays output in a more understandable
                              format.
                            * QST renamed as "DDLI.QST"
                            * Some major changes in DDLI.QST.
                            * DDLI.QST now groups together questions that
                              measure for the same preference.
                            * Reads "DDLI.QST" all at once and closes it
                              before asking any questions. This means you
                              no longer have to keep the disk with the
                              questions on it in your disk drive when you
                              are running the DDLI.
                            * Saves a file that contains a record of all
                              your answers. Sending me this file will help
                              me make the DDLI more reliable.

        V 2.01 (02/26/1993) - It turns out that I could incorporate the
                              additions to V2.00 with DICE. This version
                              has all the same features, and I have
                              compiled the Amiga version with DICE so that
                              it will not require ixemul.library to run.
                              (If you have GNU C, you might want to
                              recompile it, since the GNU C version takes
                              up less space.)

                              It's essentially the inside, rather than the
                              outside, of the program that has changed with
                              this version. The main difference is that
                              this version stores the questions in a linked
                              list instead of in an array. This is to
                              prevent memory fragmentation errors that
                              occur from asking for a large chunk of
                              memory.

        V 2.02 (04/04/1993)   The DDLI now puts a linefeed after the
                              version string when it creates a record of
                              your answers.

                              ".raw" files renamed ".dar".

                              Added Readme.1st.

                              The "wrapwrite" function in fpdio.c now takes
                              multiple arguments.

        V 2.03 (12/03/1993)   Removed my GEnie address from the text
                              printed at the beginning of the program,
                              because I have quit GEnie.

                              Changed my address in the documentation,
                              because I moved over the summer.

        V 2.04 (12/04/1993)   Bug fixes to make it work with less
                              forgiving compilers than I have for my
                              Amiga.

        V 3.00 (12/11/1993)   Preprocessor instructions make it easier to
                              compile the DDLI for different operating
                              systems.

                              It no longer asks for a seed value for the
                              random number generator.  Instead, it counts
                              clock ticks to get a seed value.

                              Instead of just creating a "*.dar" file, it
                              asks you if you want a record of your scores
                              created, and then it asks you for a filename
                              for it.

                              Added the "yesno" function to "fpdio.c".

                              Added the "pow" function to "ddli.c"

                              Previous versions failed to randomize the
                              order of the answers to each question. This
                              version doesn't fail to.

                              Asks you to rank the strength of each of your
                              answers on a scale from 1 to 7. Includes
                              strength ranking in record of raw scores.

                              More questions. Some questions removed or
                              changed.

        V3.10 (01/05/1993)    Fixed bug in pow().

                              Used gcc's -Wall option to find and remove
                              some extraneous code.

                              Including various text files:
                                1 - Descriptions of each type.
                                2 - Personality Type Summary

                              Added the ability to read in a record file
                              and return the interpreted results on it.
                              This is useful for people who accidently save
                              the record file under the same name as the
                              interpreted results file.  To use this
                              feature, include the record file name as a
                              command line argument.

                              Acknowledgements

        The individual acknowledgements are listed in historical order:

        My INFJ father, Terence Duniho, for providing the theoretical
structure behind this program plus most of the questions.

        INTP Gerald Erichsen for compiling the IBM version, for a bug
report on version 1.00, and for suggesting the printing feature.

        INFP Kirk Worcester for a bug report on version 1.01.

        ENFP Jayne Thrall for letting me test a bunch of questions on her.

        Those who have given me feedback on GEnie.

        INTP Mark Lillibridge for most of the bug fixes made to V. 2.04.

        INTP Joe Butt, ENTP Brian Yamauchi, and INTJ Marina Margaret Heiss
for the type descriptions they wrote, and for their permission to include
them.

        ISTP(?) Vic Thompson for asking me if the DDLI could read in a
record file.  It can now.

        INFJ Jon Noring for writing the freely distributable "Personality
Type Summary," and for founding alt.personality.psychology.

        And those who have given me copies of their scores.  At the moment,
I'm still writing the program that will use these, but I will finish it
soon.

                             How You Can Help

        The DDLI is in constant development, and your feedback can make it
more reliable. The simplest thing you can do is send me a copy of your
raw scores.  After you have answered all the questions, the DDLI will ask
you if it may create a record of your scores.  I would appreciate it very
much if you would email me a copy of this record. I intend to write a
database program that will interpret these records and give me statistical
data on them so that I can determine which questions work best. My email
addresses are below.

        If you want to do more, you can tell me why you answered the
questions as you did. It will be particularly helpful if you tell me why
you chose answers that conflicted with your type.

                             About the Author

        I am Fergus Duniho, the 26 year old INTP son of INFJ Terence
Duniho, the Executive Director of the newly formed Life Patterns Institute.
Except for this filial relationship, I have no associations with the Life
Patterns Institute, and I am completely unassociated with any other
organization devoted to the study of psychological type. Although I am
knowledgeable on the subject of psychological type, I'm probably not an
expert on the subject.

        I am currently a Ph.D. candidate and a T.A. in the philosophy
department at the University of Rochester. I plan to teach philosophy to
undergraduates after I get my degree. My calling is to be a teacher.

        Besides this program, I have written other software for the Amiga.
These include a spelling checker called AlphaSpell and a pagination program
called Paginate.

        You can reach me by email or by post. You can reach me through the
Internet at [e-mail]. You can also send me email on the
FileWorks BBS in Rochester, NY. You can reach me through regular mail at

        Fergus Duniho
        1095 Genesee St.
        Rochester, NY 14611

        If you want me to reply back to you, it is best to use email, since
I don't keep a large supply of stamps.